典型山地水土要素时空耦合特征及其成因     

周鹏  邓伟  彭立  张少尧 《地理学报》2019,74(11):2273-2287

水土资源是人类生存的基础,山地水土要素耦合性与“三生空间”的功能性密切相关,其耦合的时空过程及规律关乎山区的生态服务与经济社会可持续发展。通过构建更加科学的水土要素耦合指数对太行山地、横断山地、黔桂喀斯特山地水土要素耦合特征进行大尺度、长时序的分析,并采用地理探测器方法分析了各时期水土耦合的影响因素。结果表明：① 三大山地水土要素耦合空间差异十分显著。太行山地以缺水区为主,横断山地以平衡区为主,黔桂喀斯特山地平衡区和充沛区兼有。② 垂直分异上,三大山地水土要素耦合指数分别在1300 m、1800~3400 m、500~1500 m处发生变异。各山地水土要素耦合指数在生态功能亚区表现为,林地生态亚区>林草复合生态亚区>农业生态亚区。③ 三大山地水土要素耦合的空间异质性是自然要素和人文要素综合作用的结果。其中,气候要素为主导驱动,地形地貌和土地利用居次,人为作用叠加在自然作用之上,加剧了水土要素耦合的时空复杂性和变异性。本文构建的水土要素耦合指数,加深了山地水土要素相互作用的时空过程研究,可为促进变化环境下的山区可持续发展提供决策依据。  相似文献   

半封闭大棚实验下广州市植被滞尘光谱特征分析     

张晨  周霞  李勇  杨骥  李林 《热带地理》2020,40(2):266-277

基于广州市常见的绿化植物,采用高光谱遥感技术,通过设计半封闭的大棚实验方案,探讨了滞尘污染下不同植物叶片的光谱特征,结果表明：1）滞尘时间是影响绿化植物累积滞尘量的一个重要因子,滞尘量随着时间的增加而增加,但达到饱和之后会呈减少的趋势。2）在可见光波段,受叶面尘影响,叶片光谱反射率升高,且随滞尘量的增加而升高;在近红外波段则相反,光谱反射率随滞尘量的增加而降低。3）叶面尘对植物叶片的光谱特征参数具有直接或间接的影响,其中滞尘量与植物的三边位置无关,与归一化植被指数NDVI呈负相关关系,且不同植物的NDVI受叶面尘影响的程度不同,从大到小依次为：朱蕉>红花檵木>金叶榕。文章设计的半封闭大棚实验方案为植物滞尘效应的长时间可持续性研究提供了新思路。  相似文献   

典型海洋大气环境中AZ80镁合金电偶腐蚀行为研究     

蒋全通  杨黎晖  路东柱  张杰  段继周  侯保荣 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(4):899-908

镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料,具有比强度高、比刚度高、减震性能好、电磁屏蔽等优点。随着海洋强国战略的实施,先进镁合金结构材料逐步在海洋装备上开始应用。已列装的新型高强AZ80镁合金,通过与QBe1.7铍青铜紧固件连接,共同构成整体在典型海洋大气环境中服役。在高盐、高湿的海洋环境环境中,镁合金与电位更正的QBe1.7铍青铜偶接后,极易发生电偶腐蚀。电位相对更负的高强AZ80镁合金,作为电偶腐蚀的阳极被加速溶解。本研究对高强AZ80镁合金电偶腐蚀样品经过12个月青岛海洋大气暴露试验,发现空白对照组、电偶1组(紧固件铍青铜直径Ψ=10mm)和电偶2组(紧固件铍青铜直径Ψ=20mm)的平均腐蚀速率分别为108.1071、133.8929、173.6250g/(m~2·a)。电偶对表面的主要腐蚀产物为:Mg(OH)_2、MgSO_4和MgCl_2。空白样品、电偶1组和电偶2组平均腐蚀深度分别为:0.175、0.330、0.315mm/a。样品中部腐蚀深度最大,边部腐蚀深度则相对较小。不同样品在青岛试验站的腐蚀产物对基体保护能力的量度(n值)分别为1.1337、1.1378、1.0895,表明随着暴露时间的延长,试样在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀速率会加快,试样表面的腐蚀产物对基体根本起不到保护作用。通过灰色关联分析法,计算了青岛海洋大气腐蚀站点的环境因素与AZ80镁合金腐蚀深度和腐蚀失重之间的关联度,结果表明:青岛海洋大气环境因素对高强AZ80镁合金空白样品腐蚀失重影响前三位分别为:SO_4~(2-)非水溶性硫酸盐转化率;对电偶1组样品影响前三位的环境因素分别为:SO_2硫酸盐转化率NO_2;对电偶2组样品影响前三位的环境因素分别为:水溶性降尘SO_2NH_3。对比电偶对2组和1组,唯一的差别是电偶对的面积比,但决定镁合金腐蚀速度的大气成分完全不同,相关机制会在未来工作中详细研究。  相似文献   

Evaluation of the Influence of Aquatic Plants and Lake Bottom on the Remote-Sensing Reflectance of Optically Shallow Waters     

Yuanzhi Zhang  Hongtao Duan  Hongyan Xi  Zhaojun Huang  JinYeu Tsou  Tingchen Jiang 《大气与海洋》2018,56(4):277-288

Abstract

Aquatic plants and lake bottoms in optically shallow waters (OSWs) wield great influence on reflectance spectra, resulting in the inapplicability of most existing bio-optical models for water colour remote sensing in lakes. Based on radiative transfer theory and measured spectra from a campaign for Lake Taihu in October 2008, absorption and backscattering coefficients were used to simulate the remote-sensing reflectance, which are considered to be reliable if matched to their measured counterparts. Several cases of measured spectra at different depths, Secchi disk depth transparency, and aquatic plant height and coverage were analyzed thoroughly for spectral properties. The contribution of aquatic plants was evaluated and compared with the measured and simulated remote-sensing reflectance values. This is helpful for removing the influence of aquatic plants and lake bottoms from the spectra and for constructing an improved chlorophyll a retrieval model for OSWs, such as that for Lake Taihu, China.  相似文献   

Status,challenges and pathways to the sustainable use of wild species     

《Global Environmental Change》2023

The use of wild species is extensive in both high- and low-income countries. At least 50,000 wild species are used by billions of people around the world for food, energy, medicine, material, education or recreation, contributing significantly to efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, overexploitation remains a major threat to many wild species. Ensuring and enhancing the sustainability of use of wild species is thus essential for human well-being and biodiversity conservation. Globally, the use of wild species is increasing due to growing human demand and efficiency, but its sustainability varies and depends on the social-ecological contexts in which the use occurs. Multiple environmental and social (including economic) drivers affect the sustainability of use of wild species, posing major current and future challenges. In particular, climate change has already increased the vulnerability of many uses and is expected to increase it further in the coming decades, while global and illegal trades are, in many cases, key drivers of unsustainability. There is no single “silver bullet” policy to address these and other major challenges in the sustainable use of wild species. Rather, effective policies need to integrate inclusive actions at multiple scales that adopt right-based approaches, pay attention to equitable distribution of access and costs and benefits, employ participatory processes, strengthen monitoring programs, build robust customary or government institutions and support context-specific policies, as well as adaptive management.  相似文献   

如何利用化石植物定量研究古海拔？     

孙启高 《地质论评》2008,54(2):145-154

古海拔问题是当前古植物学与古环境研究领域中的难点之一,属于化石植物生物学与地球科学和环境科学相互交叉、相互渗透的前沿性研究。定量研究古海拔的变化对阐述诸如青藏高原抬升历史等重大科学问题具有十分重要的意义。应用生物学的思想和方法,利用化石植物研究地质历史时期古海拔的变化是当前研究的一个热点。化石植物既是研究地质历史时期植被演替的直接证据,又是研究古海拔变化的珍贵材料。本文简述了利用化石植物定量研究古海拔的3类主要方法,即最近亲缘种分析、共存因子分析和叶相分析的基本原理和实际应用,侧重分析中国地区（如西藏南部南木林盆地）古海拔的研究进展和存在问题,并结合近年来的研究实践展望了将来的工作。  相似文献   

Potential of satellite-derived ecosystem functional attributes to anticipate species range shifts     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

In a world facing rapid environmental changes, anticipating their impacts on biodiversity is of utmost relevance. Remotely-sensed Ecosystem Functional Attributes (EFAs) are promising predictors for Species Distribution Models (SDMs) by offering an early and integrative response of vegetation performance to environmental drivers. Species of high conservation concern would benefit the most from a better ability to anticipate changes in habitat suitability. Here we illustrate how yearly projections from SDMs based on EFAs could reveal short-term changes in potential habitat suitability, anticipating mid-term shifts predicted by climate-change-scenario models. We fitted two sets of SDMs for 41 plant species of conservation concern in the Iberian Peninsula: one calibrated with climate variables for baseline conditions and projected under two climate-change-scenarios (future conditions); and the other calibrated with EFAs for 2001 and projected annually from 2001 to 2013. Range shifts predicted by climate-based models for future conditions were compared to the 2001–2013 trends from EFAs-based models. Projections of EFAs-based models estimated changes (mostly contractions) in habitat suitability that anticipated, for the majority (up to 64%) of species, the mid-term shifts projected by traditional climate-change-scenario forecasting, and showed greater agreement with the business-as-usual scenario than with the sustainable-development one. This study shows how satellite-derived EFAs can be used as meaningful essential biodiversity variables in SDMs to provide early-warnings of range shifts and predictions of short-term fluctuations in suitable conditions for multiple species.  相似文献   

GRAVEL SLUICING IN ALPINE RUN-OF-RIVER HYDROPOWER PLANTS     

Helmut SCHEUERLEIN Institut flier Wasserbau  Univeristy of Innsbruck  Technikerstn . A- Innsbruck  Austria. 《国际泥沙研究》2001,16(2)

1 INTRODUCTIONNdsral rivers entering reservoirs carry also sediment, partly as bedload and patly in suspension. At theentrance of the reservoir flow velocity is considerably reduced and the capability of sediment transport isdrashcally fading. Bedload maerial is deposited totally at the reservoir entrance fondng a delta, material...in suspension is cAned further intO the reservoir ulh.. it is partly deposited and partly dischargedthrough the dam towards downstreaxn (depending on the trapp…  相似文献   

滇中南无量山种子植物区系联系及其地位     

彭华  吴征镒 《山地学报》1997,(3)

无量山种子植物区系迄今为止含207科,1027属,2548种,极其丰富,通过对区系相似性系数、云南各自然小区的共有种频率以及中国特有属三方面的分析,把无量山置于东亚植物区的中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区的云南高原地区。  相似文献   

不同植物的激光诱导荧光光谱特征及其在遥感上的意义     

张崇静  吴荣  朱永豪  刘南英  沈玉其  徐彬彬  石晓日  李德成  周斌 《遥感学报》1992,(Z1)

用337nm氮分子激光照射不同种类的植物,可以得到每一种类植物的激光诱导荧光特征光谱。利用峰的波长,荧光强度的差异可以将木本阔叶树、针叶树,草本双子叶及单子叶植物加以区分。685与740以及440与550nm的荧光强度比值均可以作为植物区分的两种参数。用激光诱导荧光技术监测植物要选择合适的生长期和季节,单子叶植物应选拔节期,双子叶植物应选营养生长期,而木本植物则应选在春末夏初。研究表明,激光诱导荧光遥感技术对植物鉴别与分类以及植物的长势监测具有极其重要的意义和应用前景。  相似文献